Emirates airlines company analysis Research Paper

Emirates carriers organization investigation - Research Paper Example Emirates Group Company has an armada of around 169 airplanes. The organization works in the United States, east and west Asia, Europe, Middle East, Australasia, Indian Ocean, and Africa (The Emirates Group, 2012). The Emirates Airline started in 1985, and it has its home office in Dubai, the United Arab Emirates. The company’s fundamental strategic to develop the top carrier on the planet, which is propelled by the way that Dubai positions among the main urban communities around the globe. Emirates Airlines is claimed somewhat by the administration of Dubai and mostly by a city part of the United Arab Emirates. The aircraft is a piece of the Emirates Group of organizations, which started in 1959. Today, Emirates Airline can be viewed as the biggest carrier in the Middle East and is Dubai’s national aircraft. The carrier is most popular for its five star and business class benefits and has gotten a few worldwide honors in security, on-time appearances, and in-flight bene fits (The Emirates Group, 2011). The Emirates regards assorted variety at the working environment and in the administration of its activities. This aides in disposing of a negative culture inside an association (The Emirates Group, 2012). ... A cooperation culture empowers workers to focus on the organization's objectives, which empowers the carrier to continue its upper hand. Collaboration produces activities that are profoundly organized. The administration and representatives are in consistent joint endeavors that upgrade the nature of Emirate’s administrations and items (The Emirates Group, 2012). Recruiting work force at the Emirates The Emirates aircraft concentrates more on recruiting representatives with critical involvement with carrier and travel industry. People keen on working with the aircraft go after the favored jobs on the company’s site or by dropping their applications to the company’s workplaces around the globe. Fruitful candidates are then welcomed for interviews test for a person’s aptitudes, work history, inspiration, and accessibility. The idea of the meetings relies upon the activity went after, and employments, for example, those of pilots may include concentrated enli stment strategies. Meetings at the Emirates for the most part include board interviews, organization introductions, one-on-one meetings, and gathering interviews (The Emirates Group, 2012). Goals of faculty choice procedure The Emirates aircrafts perceives that for it to accomplish its vital targets and to make sure about its qualities, enrolling and holding talented and submitted workforce are of the embodiment. Along these lines, the company’s enlistment and choice methods are organized such that encourages the organization to enlist the most appropriate contender for different employment positions. The enlistment and choice methodology are guided by a few strategies. At the top, of the enrollment and determination strategies is the need to guarantee that there is an equivalent open door for all candidates. Besides, the employing procedure centers around guaranteeing that

Genetics of Organisms lab report

Estimating just a couple of millimeters long, natural product flies take up a small amount of the room of different life forms, for example, fish or rodents that have additionally been utilized in such research. The flies are sufficiently little to be reduced, yet enormous enough to be found in incredible detail under an analyzing magnifying lens. Because of their size, cost of food and space to house them is amazingly low, making them effectively available to schools and labs each. Veer. The whole life pattern Of the organic product fly is a minor 30 days, 7-12 days of which are spent developing. 2-15 hours after eggs are laid, hatchlings rise for 4 days to develop and benefit from toting natural product (which their eggs were laid on) before experiencing a multi day transformation after which they are grown-ups. The remainder of their grown-up lives are spent eating and mating (Fruit Fly). Females can mate when 12-18 hours after the multi day transformation. Separating male and fem ale flies is very straightforward; guys (left) engage in sexual relations brushes which resemble little dark dabs on their front legs and have less dull lines over their abdomen.Females (right) are commonly bigger and have dim stripes over the mid-region and have an ovipositor stretching out from the lower midsection (Lab Seven). Today, organic product flies are being utilized in foundational microorganism research of demon cells. These profoundly indispensable beast cells become gametes and carry on the advancement of an animal categories. Specialists at the college of Utah have been concentrating how germ immature microorganisms shield themselves from turning out to be substantial cells utilizing organic product flies.It all started in 1 922 at Massachusetts Institute of Technology where Ruth Lehmann found a quality she named â€Å"Oscar†. Oscar is liable for adding a fundamental protein to the plasma of the germ foundational microorganism that when latent represses the cre ation Of germ cells. At the point when it is turned on, germ cells are delivered and kept as undeveloped cells through â€Å"extreme transcriptional repression†. During this procedure, DNA is hindered from being translated to RNA which thus implies no quality expression.This look into is digging into the particulars of undifferentiated organisms which are suspected to hold medications for some ailments (Scheduler). While our lab wasn't exploring the mechanics of foundational microorganism improvement, we considered the legacy of characteristics however ages of flies. Our goal was to see the various examples of legacy that qualities can take. To have glories as near expected as conceivable we kept temperature, food and light consistent all through all tests as controls and let the mating and going of attributes be the variable.Keeping every single other factor steady we conjectured that if cross A demonstrated monophonic legacy it would have a 1:2:1 proportion, dibber crosses would have a 9:3:3:1 proportion and sex connected legacy would show a proportion of legacy. Materials Fruit Flies (Drosophila Melanomas) Cross A: Sepia female x Wild male Cross 8: Vestigial female x Sepia male Cross C: White female Wild male Colored tape Petri dishes Fruit fly blue media Flyway Plastic vials (with froth plugs) Microscopes Paint Brushes Funnels â€Å"Morgue† Ice packs Procedure 1.Obtain a vial of Fl age flies (either cross A,B, or C and try to mark the vials in that capacity). The primary target is to expel the flies from the vial without having them fly away. To forestall this, wedge a wand that has been plunged in fly snooze between the froth plug and the vial so it ventures into the vial to anesthetize the flies. To help immobilizers them, setting the vials in a cool area or on an ice pack can assist with quieting them as they are Elian on natural variables. 2.After the flies have been anesthetized, expel them from the vials and spot them in Petri dishes wi th names coordinating the vials they originated from to keep away from disarray. To expel the immobilizers flies from the vial, it is critical to be delicate and abstain from pulverizing any flies. Most of the flies should tumble from the vial when it is upset, however to evacuate any that are left, a paintbrush can be extremely helpful to move them without causing them any mischief. 3. When the flies are in Petri dishes, place them on ice packs to keep the flies from awakening during counting.Place the ice pack and Petri dish under a dismembering magnifying instrument. With the assistance of the magnifying lens, record the sex and phenotype all things considered. To move the flies inside the Petri dish, utilize a paint brush to maintain a strategic distance from hurt. The qualities of sexing flies is depicted in the presentation on page 2. 4. When the flies have been arranged by sex and phenotype, set up the vials for the PA age. Blend a balance of dry food and water and let it set in the vial. Make a point to mark the vial with the phenotypes of each parent of the cross. . When the vials are readied, start setting two by two of male and male flies into the effectively marked vials. Use paint brushes for moving flies if fundamental. Top these vials and spot them in a warm territory. These flies will mate and produce the IF age 6. After the IF vials have been sitting for around 10-12 days, evacuate the grown-up flies. At this point the flies will have mated and the female will have laid her eggs. Expelling the grown-ups will forestall Fl flies from mating with IF offspring.To do this, cautiously use Nap (procedure as depicted in sync 1), staying alert that fly hatchlings are progressively touchy and might be lethally hurt by â€Å"over-napping†. Evacuate the flies by upsetting the vial and setting the grown-up Fl flies in the â€Å"morgue† (a container containing liquor or child oil). At that point close the vial and permit it to sit for another 12-15 days. 7. Following 12-15 days have passed, record the sex and phenotype of every grown-up fly. As portrayed in stages 1-3 Flyway will be utilized to anesthetize the flies before they are expelled from the vials to be placed into Petri dishes for counting.Once the entirety of the flies have been tallied and recorded, place them into the â€Å"morgue† and discard all vials. Rest Its Fl Results: Cross A - ? Wild Male x Sepia Female E †Wild eyes e †Sepia eyes Cross B †Sepia eye ordinary wing male x Wild eye minimal wing female hamburger x Beef Fee Beef Sepia eyes e F †Normal wings f †Vestigial Wings Cross C - ? Wild male x White female Exe x Exe e †White eyes IF results: Cross A †Wild male x Wild female Chi-square Analysis Phenotype # Observed # Expected (o-e) (0-e)2 (0-e)2/e Wild eyes 256 260 - 4 16 . 615 91 87 4 . 1 83 Chi-square Value . 25 Null Hypothesis: If a monophonic cross is performed between two natural product flies that are bot h heterozygous for eye shading, the normal posterity includes would be in a 3 wild: 1 sepia proportion and would have a chi square worth under 5. 99.

Blog Archive Harvard Business School to Release New Essay Questions by Mid-May

Blog Archive Harvard Business School to Release New Essay Questions by Mid-May Yesterday, Dee Leopold, Harvard Business Schools Managing Director of Admissions and Financial Aid, updated the HBS admissions blog and offered some interesting news. Aside from mentioning that HBS will have more clarity with respect to the composition of the Class of 2010 as of May 9th, the final date for second round admits to accept their offers, Leopold also began looking to the future and announced that next year’s essay questions will be released by mid-May. In the past, most MBA programs have released their essay questions in July. (During the first week of July, CBS and HBS tend to battle it out to be the first school to do so). So, why is HBS releasing their essay questions so far in advance? Well, we can only hypothesize that HBS is aware that next year will be ultra-competitive and that they view this early release as an opportunity to ensure that more candidates will start their applications and therefore more candidates will (surprise!) finish their applications. Of course, by releasing essay questions before the rush, HBS is also offering candidates an opportunity to truly contemplate their responses without any distractions from other schools. So,  HBS may indeed receive a higher quality of responses, which will enable the admissions committee to better identify the candidates that it wants to admit. Of course, this is all conjecture â€" we hope that the AdCom will blog about this choice soon. Further, we expect that in  a compe titive admissions world, other schools will follow suit and release their questions early as well. We will keep our readers posted on developments   Share ThisTweet Blogroll News

Eng 221 Essay - 1978 Words

|[pic] |Syllabus | | |College of Information Systems Technology | | |ENG/221 Version 4 | | |Technical Writing Fundamentals | Copyright  © 2011, 2010, 2009, 2008 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course covers the†¦show more content†¦| | |Show MoreRelatedENG/221 Course Syllabus2166 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿ Course Syllabus College of Information Systems Technology ENG/221 Version 5 Technical Writing Fundamentals Copyright  © 2011, 2010, 2009, 2008 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course covers the fundamentals and best practices of using written communication in business and in the information technologies. Topics include strategies, techniques, and nuances for producing e-mails, memos, reports, proposals, project specifications, and user manuals, asRead MoreEng 221 Memo Evaluation Essay1688 Words   |  7 PagesMemo Evaluation ENG 221 Memo Evaluation ------------------------------------------------- In choosing for the week 2 individual assignment, a memo that was written by Harkins Theaters corporate office in the wake of the Colorado tragedy that occurred on July 20th, 2012. The memo was meant as a general communication to all Harkins Theaters in Arizona and also in Texas, California, Colorado, and Oklahoma. 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Shortcomings of phenomenological models of membrane transport, J. Membr. Sci., 211 (2003) 215–234. [4] V. Bizek, J. Horacek, R. Rerich, M. Kousova, Amine extraction of hydroxycarboxylic acids. 1. Extraction of Citric Acid with 1-octanol=n-heptane solutions of trialkylamine, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 31(1992) 1554–1562Read MoreEssay on User Manual Critique713 Words   |  3 PagesUser Manual Critique ENG/221 September 29, 2011 User Manual Critique Many technical fields rely on user manuals, operator manuals and technical manuals to do their day to day tasks at work. Without these manuals there would be too much information for one person to know to be able to their job. Accidents, personal or equipment would be more frequent in the work field. That is why manuals are developed, to prevent accidents and to keep people informed of updated information on equipmentRead MoreWeb Conferencing Memo Essay665 Words   |  3 PagesWeb Conferencing Programs Research Memo Curtis Jones ENG 221 October 4, 2010 Louisa Ramos Web Conferencing Programs Research Memo Memorandum TO: Management FROM: Curtis Jones DATE: 10/4/2010 SUBJECT: Web Conferencing Software Research In our meeting last week we discussed moving to different Web Conferencing software in an effort to become more user friendly to our remote users, and to enable cost savings in our telecom and IT infrastructure. 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[13] Naber JD, Siebers DL. (1998), ‘Hydrogen combustion under diesel engine conditions’. - Hydrogen Energy, vol.23, pp.363-371. [14] Senthil KM, Ramesh A, Nagalingam B. (2003). ‘Use of hydrogen to enhance the performanceRead MoreCritical analysis essay on Good People by David Foster Wallace1020 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Sandra Cartica ENG 221 – CSS Prof. Donnelly 11-11-2014 Critical Analysis Essay – â€Å"Good People† The Battle Within â€Å"Good People†, written by David Foster Wallace, and published in the February 2007 issue of The New Yorker magazine is a story about two young Christians who are faced with the issue of an unplanned pregnancy. The critic reviewing this short story is Matt Bucher. He takes a psychological/philosophical approach and references the division and dichotomy within the story. ReligiousRead MoreRequest for Proposal1092 Words   |  5 PagesRequest for Proposal Derrik Green ENG/221 5/14/2012 Darlene Robinson Request for Proposal Cover Letter Farmers Insurance Group 6220 Western Center Blvd. Suite #220 Fort Worth, TX. 76131 682-451-6555 Fax: 682-451-6556 Monday May 14, 2012 Mr. Jonathan Sands, Director Microsoft Corporation 7555 Northwest Hwy. Killeen, TX 76542 254-776-2551 Fax: 254-776-2552 Dear Mr. Sands: I am submitting this RFP to you for review and a response in the form of a proposal to bring in people to

Explain the Constructivist Theory of Guidance - 1396 Words

2-28-2012 Explaining Guidance Theories: Developmental, Behavioral, Constructivist. Question: Explain Constructivist theory of guidance. ____________________________________________________________________________ Constructivism is rooted from philosophy just like sociology, ethnography and cognitive psychology. Already in the eighteenth century, the German philosopher Kant believed that a child’s learning was an interaction between the developing child and the environment. He believed that children constructed their own knowledge and understanding about things. This is a constructivist view of how children learn (Bruce, Meggitt Grenier 2010). The child-centered constructivist approach to early childhood education has its†¦show more content†¦During the Preoperational Stage (age 2 to 7) of development, children have an inability to classify and conserve, are egocentric and have a lack of logic. The following examples illustrate these characteristics. Piaget carried out a famous experiment to illustrate that the child at this stage is unable to see from another person’s perspective – ie they are egocentric. The child was shown a 3D model ofShow MoreRelatedU nderstanding Of Different Learning Theories1092 Words   |  5 PagesDIFFERENT LEARNING THEORIES AND THEIR IMPLICATION AND APPLICATION TO e-LEARNING AND ONLINE LEARNING ABSTRACT: The aim of this paper is to explain the understanding of different learning theories and their implication and application to e-learning and online learning. These theories are classical conditioning, behaviorist theory, information processing theory or cognitive theory and constructivist theory. The paper focuses mainly on how learners should learn from different learning theories and how technologyRead MoreVygotsky ´s Social Constructionism Essay898 Words   |  4 PagesSocial constructivism was developed by Vygotsky. His theory of learning highlights the role which social and cultural interactions play in the learning process. Vygotsky states that learning is co-constructed and that individuals learn from each other. He rejected the assumption made by Piaget that it was possible to separate learning from its social context. He believed that constructivists such as Piaget had overlooked the essentially social nature of language and consequently failed to understandRead MoreConstructivism1479 Words   |  6 Pagesof the education theories, constructivism and behaviourism. According to educational theories, we discuss and compare behaviourism and constructivism in the views of knowledge, learning and instruction. The purpose of this academic essay is to discuss, reflect and conclude on two main educational theories, constructivism and behaviourism, which have been dominant in the field of learning and teaching. We will also argue these theories to reflect, which one of these theory is the more persuasiveRead MoreThe Curriculum And Reporting Authority1461 Words   |  6 Pagesstrategies within a constructivist learning environment . This essay will therefore examine and evaluate this pedagogical approach to discover and determine if inquiry based learning strategies could support young children discovering their world through the social sciences. Constructivism is a learning theory to explain how people learn. The theory is supported by many theorists including, Dewey, Vygotsky and Piaget as well as Montessori education(Kearns,2010). These constructivists believe childrenRead MoreThe s Views On Constructivism1347 Words   |  6 Pagesreadiness, Elkind provides an example of how Piaget understood logical substructure and demonstrates that â€Å"in order for a child to engage in a math activity the child needs to get the concept of concrete operations†. Inhelder along with Piaget both explain that â€Å"experimental thinking and dealing with multiple variables required the formal mental operations not attained until adolescence†. Social readiness focuses on how educators must be prepared to adopt this model, if they are not prepared thenRead MoreThe Emergence Of The National Curriculum For England2685 Words   |  11 Pagesthe National Curriculum for England, and how reforms have led to its evolution into the present framework. I will also be looking at current theories of teaching and learning, and how the National Curriculum 2014 for science reflects these. I will consider how the curriculum document structures how teachers should teach, and also what types of learning theories and teaching approaches might support the teacher in delivering the curriculum. 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Tetzlaff, author of Constructivist Learning Versus Explicit Teaching, really explained what this could look like in the classroom. She stated that the instructor guides the learning though questions and discussion not lectures (Tetzlaff, 2009). In reading concepts such as phonicsRead MoreConstructivism And The Learning Theory1346 Words   |  6 Pageslearning theory that focuses on observation by acquiring data and thereafter reexami ning, altering, and updating information to be useful in the present time. Humans process experiences, knowledge, and conception of life based on their impressions of their past. As individuals experience an unfamiliar event, they will attempt to integrate it with their knowledge and past, therefore replacing old outdated or incorrect data with new more pertinent information (Kerka, 1997). This learning theory statesRead MoreJean Piaget And Vygotsky s Theory On Children s Cognitive Development1507 Words   |  7 Pagesdevelopment. Both psychologists had their own vision of what stimulates and helps a child grow. Jean Piaget s theory was shaped through the thinking and understanding of how knowledge is built through a series of four stages; preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational and concrete operational. He believed that the development was with the child themselves. On the contrary, Lev Vygotsky s theory is shaped through adult social interactions and cultural roles. He b elieved that a child s development

Essay on Learning about Learning Styles - 1454 Words

A learning style is a way in which a learner begins to concentrate on, process, and retain new and difficult information (Dunn Dunn, 1987). A teacher cannot expect a student to listen to a story and answer a series of questions then expect them to make a perfect score when the student learns better by reading. Learning styles are simply deduced by how information is processed. Understand one’s individual learning style helps him or her by setting them up for success instead of setting them up for failure. Every human being learns in a different and unusual way. There are not any two people in the world that learns the same way. Some people learn through working with their hands, some learn through what they see and can process and†¦show more content†¦Those styles are visual, auditory, and tactile/kinesthetic. To simplify the learning style into words that are easier to comprehend and remember visual means to see, auditory means to hear and tactile/kinesthetic means to touch. As humans, all of these or a combination of all three of these learning styles, in a single person, is used on a daily basis. To better understand these learning styles, a brief but thorough description is going to be provided. Visual learners prefer to read and study in order to understand what they are learning. Visual learners should take notes on what they read and should have a highlighter available to be able to highlight information that would seem important to this learner. These learners seem to be better with graphs and maps than the others learning styles. These learners also seem to have a more photogenic memory. They can remember more things by what they saw when they were told certain information. Visual learners have a harder time reading because when they read they have the habit of making words into pictures. These individuals have a harder time talking on the telephone because talking on the telephone takes away from the in person contact and eliminates the ability to see and process the other person body language. Visual learners can remember information that was presented to them as a child years later. Most of theShow MoreRelatedDifferent Learning Styles: Learning about Learning Essay1799 Words   |  8 PagesThere are many people in the world, but only three key learning styles. Learning styles can be defined as a preferred way of acquiring knowledge and processing information. A learning style affects understanding, solving problems, participating in different activities, reacting in a group, and relating to others around us. Most individuals have a dominant learning style. There are many varieties of learning styles, but they are categorized into three main groups: auditory, visual, and kinestheticRead MoreEssay about Learning Styles1231 Words   |  5 PagesLearning Styles   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The reason for doing this report is to try and discover which is my best and worst way to learn and then to come up with a strategy for improving my ability to learn. The first thing that I need to do is research what different learning styles there is, after I have done this I can determine what are my preferred learning styles. Types of Learning Styles   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After doing some research I have discovered that there are four main ways of learning. For each of these fourRead MoreEssay about Various Learning Styles1226 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many contrasting learning styles with infinite learning characteristics. How humans learn ranges widely and learning is an everyday constant. While doing anything from reading the newspaper in the morning to watching television shows in the evening, individuals are learning. Learning is ever present within humans; a subconscious and ongoing function in daily lives. Additionally, it is adopted into everyday living whether individuals are aware or unaware that learning is even taking place. AtRead MoreEssay about Different Learning Styles2633 Words   |  11 PagesDifferent Learning Styles Introduction What is learning? According to the thesaurus in the Eric database, learning is the â€Å"process of acquiring knowledge, attitudes, or skills from study, instruction, or experience† (Eric/Thesaurus database, 2001). A learning style is described as â€Å"a set of factors, behaviors and attitudes that facilitate learning for and individual in a given situation† (Reiff, 1992, p.7). There are many different ways that children learn. The purpose of this paper is toRead MoreEssay about Definitions of Learning Styles1858 Words   |  8 PagesDefinitions of Learning Styles Although learning style may be simply defined as the way people come to understand and remember information, the literature is filled with more complex variations on this theme. James and Gardner (1995), for example, define learning style as the complex manner in which, and conditions under which, learners most efficiently and most effectively perceive, process, store, and recall what they are attempting to learn (p. 20). Merriam and Caffarella (1991) presentRead MoreDifferent Theories About Learning Styles Essay2112 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Learning style is an individual s unique approach to learning based on strengths, weaknesses, and, preferences. Learning styles explains the concept that every person learns differently. Assessments of learning style typically ask individuals to evaluate what sort of information presentation they prefer, and, what kind of mental activity they find most engaging, and, attractive for them. Theories about learning styles agree that all people can be classified according to their style of learningRead MoreEssay about Vark Learning Style Analysis806 Words   |  4 PagesRunning head: V.A.R.K. LEARNING STYLE ANALYSIS V.A.R.K. Learning Style Analysis Grand Canyon University Family-Centered Health Promotion: NRS 429v Melanie Escobar, RN MSN March 11, 2012 V.A.R.K. Learning Style Analysis Introduction From the time of birth, individuals are constantly learning. Individual learning styles vary from person to person. It is essential to the education of the individual to learn the particular style of learning that best serves them. One particular analysisRead MoreEssay about Vark Learning Style Analysis1006 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: VARK LEARNING STYLE ANALYSIS VARK Learning Style Analysis Kathleen Nash Grand Canyon University NRS-429V, Family Centered Health Promotion July 22, 2012 VARK Learning Style Analysis The VARK learning preference tool provides individuals with information that they can utilize to enhance their learning process by helping them to study more effectively and efficiently. The VARK tool consists of a questionnaire that the learner takes to identify which senses the individualRead MoreEssay about Teaching Techniques for Different Learning Styles771 Words   |  4 PagesDifferent Learning Styles As teachers we will be faced with many difficult tasks one of which will be finding creative ways to motivate the children in our classes to learn. There are so many teaching techniques it may be overwhelming for new teachers. With the emphasis on test scores and the â€Å"No Child Left Behind† Act many teachers may fear being creative in the classroom. This paper will attempt to explore some creative teaching techniques. Recently there has been much discussion about differentRead MoreVark Learning Styles899 Words   |  4 PagesVARK Analysis Every one has a mix of learning styles; some people may find that they have a dominant style of learning, with far less use of other styles in different circumstances. There is neither right or wrong style nor your style is fixed, you can develop your less dominant style and make improvement in your dominant ones. Your learning styles have more influence on your learning than you know it, they guide the way you learn. They also change the way you retain information and perceive experiences

Reliability and Validity of the Empirical Research

Question: Discuss about theReliability and Validity of the Empirical Research. Answer: Introduction Reliability as well as validity are two significant aspects for approving and validating the quantitative research. Reliability is a measure of the degree to which there is consistency in the results when the repetition of the experiment is done several times under the methodological conditions that remain the same (Joppe, 2000). On the other hand, validity may be defined as the degree it is supported by the evidence that the data interpretations are correct and the manner of the use of interpretations are also appropriate (Moskal et al., 2002). It can also be said that validity is said to be present in a research in case the results that are obtained are believable as well as truthful. For determining validity, a number of questions are posed by the researchers and mostly they look up the research that was conducted by other people to answer the question regarding the accuracy of the measurements (Joppe, 2000). This paper will be analysing in a careful manner the article The impact of brand gender on brand equity Findings from a large-scale cross-cultural study in ten countries (Lieven Hildebrand, 2015). A discussion as well as an analysis of the reliability and also the validity of the empirical research will be carried out. It will also include the instrument wherever it is applicable. In case there are any possible flaws in the reliability and validity, they will be pointed out. Suggestions will also be made about the ways in which the researcher might have conducted tests for both or either reliability and validity. Discussion and Analysis of Reliability The meaning of reliability is that the scores which an instrument provides are consistent as well as stable (Creswell, 2005). Reliability may be defined as the consistency of the measurement or the extent to which measurement can be done by the instrument in the same way every time its use is made under similar conditions and with subjects who are similar. It can be considered the repeatability of measurement. If the score of a person on the same test which is conducted twice is similar both the times, then the measure can be called reliable. However, it is to be kept in mind that an estimation of reliability is done and not its measurement (Kirk Miller, 1986). Three kinds of reliability were identified in quantitative research. These are in relation to production of same results under the conditions of measurement that remain the same, the measurement stability with respect to time and similarity of measurements within a given period of time. Reliability is the consistency with whi ch the scores of an individual stay relatively similar and the test-retest methods can be used for determining them at different times. Such an instrument is a stable instrument. If stability is of high degree it is an indication that reliability is of high degree showing that the results can be repeated. Reliability is mostly estimated in two ways either by means of test/retest or through internal consistency. Test / Retest Test / Retest - It is a comparatively more conservative method for estimating reliability. The idea that lies behind is that the same score should be obtained by you on both Test 1 as well as Test 2. The key components of such a method are implementing the instrument of measurement two times separately for each subject, computing the correlation that exists between two distinct measurements and assuming that the underlying condition (or the trait which is to be measured) does not involve any changes and is same for both the tests. Internal Consistency The estimation of reliability is done through internal consistency by forming the groups of questions measuring the same concept in a questionnaire. For instance, two sets can be formed of three questions measuring the same concept such as class participation and subsequent to the collection of the responses, a correlation is run between these two groups having three questions each for determining if the concept is being measured by the instrument in a reliable way. Cronbachs Alpha is a common way for the computation of correlation values among the questions that are present on your instrument. Each question on the questionnaire is split in all possible ways and the correlation value for all of them is computed using computers. The closer the value is to one, the higher will be the instruments reliability estimate. In the study, for testing of the hypotheses, a total number of 3049 consumers were selected through a professional agency of market research in nations spanning across four continents. In all the nations, the participants were presented with 20 brands in total in eight categories of products when the study began. A careful selection was also made for the brands involved in this study and it was conditional based on their presence in every selected nation. Thus, in this study a very large number of participants as well as a large number of countries are involved and hence carrying out a retest in such cases for testing the reliability of the instrument will not be possible. For ensuring the quality of data for the study and for preventing consumer ratings for brands that they did not know, the participants had to choose the brands regarding which they have awareness. A choice of at least one brand was necessary for participating in the study (Dolnicar Rossiter, 2008). The rating of t hese brands was done along the brand gender as well as brand equity that was perceived by them. There is a high probability that consumers might choose some other brand in the next study or their perceptions might differ for even the same brands and hence it will affect the reliability. Additionally the ratings resulted in overall 5.6 brands being rated by each participant and 16,934 cross-clustered observations were a part of the study. Collection of such large scale data for retesting is not practical as it will be involving large expenses. The differences in the languages between nations and also the social norms in those countries might be affected by the results. Internal validity is also lacking as most of the values are not very close to one which is gives the reliability estimate with respect to the instrument. Discussion and Analysis of Validity Validity is described as the extent to which a quantitative study is able to measure a concept accurately. There are a number of threats to validity that either help in proving or raising issues related to the accuracy of the data or application or results or statistical tests application for concluding the effects that an outcome has (Creswell, 2003). The various types of threats to validity consist of the external threats, internal threats, construct validity tests as well as statistical conclusion threats. The basic requirement for interpreting an experiment is to define internal validity in a clear way (Campbell Stanley, 1963). The threats of external validity crop up when incorrect inferences from the same data are concluded by the researcher to the other persons. The question of generalisability is addressed by it that is to whom the results obtained can be generalised. The threats of internal validity are procedures of the experiments, treatments or the participants experiences which pose a threat to the ability of the researcher of drawing correct inferences from the data that is present in the experiment. These arise because of inadequate procedures are used such as change of the tool or instrument during the course of the experiment, changes in the participants of the control group under the study, etc. due the these procedures that are inadequate, the experimenter needs to figure out whether the experiments are able to create any differences in such an instance or not. Construct validity threat takes place when inadequate definitions are used by the investigators and the variables are measured on the basis of the definitions which are inadequate. The threat if statistical construction validity takes place when inaccurate inferences are drawn by the experimenters from the data due to the statistical test (that is used for the collected data) assumptions being violated. Generally, the methods that are used for the establishment of validity in case of quantitative research consist of data triangulation, experiment review, regression analysis, participant feedback and statistical analysis. In the study, for ensuring the content validity, all the surveys that were conducted across the different countries were identical and online method was used. In cases of USA, India as well as Australia, the original versions in English was used while for seven other nations, use of the professional services of language editing was made for the translation of the survey. This increased the chances of measuring the concepts in an accurate way. Construct validity is present in the data as adequate definitions have been provided by the researcher for all the constructs that are to be measured. However, collection of the data from such a large number of participants across nations required a lot of analysis which increased the probability of incorrect inferences being drawn by the researcher. The inferences are based on the perceptions of the customers with regards to the various brands and interpreting them in an accurate way is difficult. Suggestions for Enhancing and/or Testing for Either or Both of Reliability or Validity The researcher could have enhanced and tested for both the reliability as well as the validity of the research. Reliability could have been enhanced by conducting separate researches for countries that have a collectivist culture and for countries having an individualistic culture. This would have made it easier to compare and contrast the responses of the people from the two types of nations. Alternatively, the researcher could also have taken a selected few nations and then conducted the research instead of taking so many nations at one go for the purpose of research because this only helped in further complicating the matter. Apart from this, it would have been easier to conduct a re-test on people belonging to a particular type of culture which would have given accurate estimates of reliability. Similarly, for enhancing the validity also, it would have been a good idea to take a smaller sample size and then make use of the chosen research instrument for gathering information from lesser number of respondents so that the process of drawing inferences would have become easier for the researcher. For future research, it is essential to test if the moderation effects are present subsequent to the control of the salient gender identity of the consumers which comprise the feelings and the attitudes related to the biological sex of the individuals. This is vital as variations can take place in gender identity as per the situation and they might be primed externally (Steele Ambady, 2006). Secondly, in light of the positive effects consistently on brand equity by the androgynous brands, examination of the repositioning strategies of brand gender would be of interest. It also has to be figured out if the respective attributes of brand gender independent or they co-vary which might result in effects that may be either complementary or suppressor for some of the traits. Conclusion It can be concluded from the study that the researcher could have made improvements in both the reliability as well as the validity of the research. It is very difficult to test the reliability of the current research due to the large number of participants that are involved making retesting it difficult. Apart from this internal consistency is also difficult to establish. 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